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Correct answer d 3B Using precise definitions for surgical results is crucial, especially when quality and safety outcomes are being reported. In 1992, Clavien and Dindo proposed that “negative outcome should be subdivided into complication, sequelae, and failure to cure”. Complications are...

A 12-year-old patient undergoes laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis. She returns on POD 2 with abdominal pain and fevers. Ultrasound shows a large fluid collection in the right upper quadrant. ERCP shows extravasation of bile from the cystic duct. A...

Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "The lower respiratory tract must be free of infection and excessive secretions when decannulation is contemplated. Microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy must be performed to reveal any stomal granulations...

Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "Basic anatomic differences from an adult neck should be borne in mind. The dome of the pleura extends into the neck and is thus vulnerable to injury. The trachea is pliable and can be difficult to...

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Quote from "Pediatric Surgery (Springer Surgery Atlas)" by Prem Puri, Michael E. Höllwarth - "Unlike head and neck teratomas, lymphatic malformations are typically soft and less likely to significantly compress surrounding structures. The prenatal tracheoesophageal displacement index may be...

Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "The main tumours for which minimally invasive resection are not debated are those that can be fragmented during open procedure: neuroectodermal tumours...

Quotes from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "Preoperative radiological evaluation was not recommended in the guidelines on NPT [4, 5]." "USG is an easy to perform noninvasive tool with no risk of...

Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "For preoperative evaluation and diagnosis of unilateral NPT, physical examination is all needed, and no laboratory investigation is necessary. In unilateral...

A 14-year old girl presents with mild epigastric pain. Laboratory studies include an AST 125 IU/L, ALT 180 IU/L, total bilirubin 1.8 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, amylase of 400 u/L, lipase of 500 u/L. Right upper quadrant ultrasound shows small stones in the gallbladder with a 7-mm...

Quote from "ESPES Manual of Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery" by Ciro Esposito, François Becmeur, Henri Steyaert, Philipp Szavay - "The main indications for surgical treatment in the pediatric population are: (1) testicular asymmetry (involved testicle with a lower volume difference of more...

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